Around My World

1. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1769) STEAM / Built the first self propelled road vehicle (military tractor) for the French army: three wheeled, 2.5 mph.
2. Robert Anderson(1832-1839): Built ELECTRIC / Electric carriage.
3. Karl Friedrich Benz(1885/1886). GASOLINE / First true automobile. Gasoline automobile powered by an internal combustion engine: three wheeled, Four cycle, engine and chassis form a single unit.
4. Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach (1886). GASOLINE / First four wheeled, four-stroke engine- known as the "Cannstatt-Daimler."
5. George Baldwin Selden(1876-1895)GASOLINE / Combined internal combustion engine with a carriage: patent no: 549,160 (1895). Never manufactured -- Selden collected royalties.
6. Charles Edgar Duryea and his brother Frank (1893). GASOLINE / First successful gas powered car: 4hp, two-stroke motor. The Duryea brothers set up first American car manufacturing company.
   

Although hundreds of ethnic groups have been know as the indigenous of Indonesia for hundreds and thousands of years, Indonesia did not exist in its present form until the turn of the 20th century.Trade contracts with India, China and the mainland of Southeast Asia brought outside cultural and religious influences to Indonesia. One of the first Indianized empires, known to us now as Sriwijaya, was located on the coast of Sumatra around the strategic straits of Malacca, serving as the hub of a trading network that reached to many parts of the archipelago more than a thousand years ago.

Over the centuries they built and refined their statecraft in the form of kingdoms and principalities. Sharing similar characteristics with other Southeast Asian kingdoms, these Nusantara kingdoms based their conception of state more on people than on space or territory. But intercourse with the western world changed the course of history in Nusantara.

Indonesia's abundant spices first brought Portuguese merchants to the key trading port of Malacca in 1511. Prized for their flavor, spices such as cloves, nutmeg and mace were also believed to cure everything from the plague to venereal disease, and were literally worth their weight in gold. The Dutch eventually wrested control of the spice trade from Portuguese, and the tenacious Dutch East India Company (known by initials VOC) established a spice monopoly which lasted well into the 18th century. During the 19th century, the Dutch began sugar and coffee cultivation on Java, which was soon providing three-fourths of the world supply of coffee.

Security and Mobility

VLANs offer security in two ways. The first method is authentication, which requires that users respond to a challenge (user ID / password) before they are assigned to a VLAN. Employing authentication is much more powerful than simply basing VLAN assignment on the port a user is connected to or what MAC address he or she has. In addition, authenticated VLANs offer the only true type of mobility in VLANs. Basing VLANs on the MAC address alone only provides mobility to the computer, and not the actual user. With authenticated VLANs, users can access their network resources from any location or any computer.

The second security feature of VLANs is communication control. Once a user is assigned to a VLAN (by any method), communication into or out of that VLAN can be controlled by any standard layer 3 service (Access Control Lists, firewalls, etc.). The security provided by VLANs is of the utmost importance in networks today. VLANs are not only an effective means for complying with some of these requirements, they’re also readily available in most installed switches. Although not specifically required by government standards, the use of VLANs to control physical access to information offers a much greater level of security than just server based user ID / passwords. In addition to legistated security requirements, internal corporate security is also a consideration. Who does the CFO want looking at the finance databases? With all the sensitive material accessible via corporate intranets, the need for internal security restrictions is tremendous and growing in importance.

A basic example of a VLAN security implementation is network access for non-employees. A visitor to a company wishes to access his own corporate network via the Internet. The network administrator can either give him an IP address for Internet access and at the same time allow him access to the internal network or assign him to a visitor VLAN with a DHCP server. Now the visitor plugs in, gets a special password, and is assigned to the visitor VLAN, which restricts his network access to the Internet. Other examples of VLAN implementation are in schools (instructor and student VLANs), healthcare facilities (open areas and patient records secured areas), military institutions, etc.

to be continue,...

As IT departments continue to implement Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) to contain broadcast traffic, load-balance and enhance data security, the need to effectively monitor and troubleshoot VLANs becomes more apparent. This white paper illustrates some of the benefits a VLAN-ready network analyzer provides in managing VLAN configurations.

Does your network analyzer have the necessary features to effectively deploy and maintain VLAN infrastructure? You should look for the ability to measure traffic levels by VLAN, list stations by VLAN, and view VLAN port assignments. These features are essential not only for successful VLAN deployment and upgrade, but will make day-to-day network troubleshooting more efficient and less costly as well.

VLANs are proliferating in corporate networks for a number of good reasons:

• to contain broadcast traffic

• to act as a load balancing tool

• to enhance data security

Along with the benefits of VLANs come some maintenance and troubleshooting challenges. Does your network analyzer "do VLANs?" This white paper presents examples of how Network Instruments' Observer can effectively manage a VLAN installation.

There are three major reasons for using VLANs to control network traffic: Security/Mobility, Quality of Service(QoS), and administrative control of the network. The following VLAN implementations will fit into one, two, or even all three of these reasons for VLANs.